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- <text id=90TT2391>
- <title>
- Sep. 10, 1990: Invasion Of The Habitat Snatchers
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Sep. 10, 1990 Playing Cat And Mouse
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NATURE, Page 75
- Invasion of the Habitat Snatchers
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Exotic plants and animals are ruining the nation's wilderness
- </p>
- <p> By the end of the year, well over 10 million people will
- have traveled to America's national parks to see the few tiny
- patches of land that are still as pristine as they were before
- Columbus landed, or so most believe. In fact, the National Park
- Service is coping with a growing problem that is partly
- nature's doing but largely the result of civilization's subtle
- intrusions. Far from being islands of primeval beauty, parks
- from Hawaii to North Carolina are being overrun with nonnative
- plants and animals, virtually all of them introduced,
- inadvertently or on purpose, by man. These "exotic threats"
- have become, officials say, the most serious danger facing the
- 323,750 sq. km (125,000 sq. mi.) national park system.
- </p>
- <p> The most dramatic threats are in Hawaii, where the 900
- indigenous plant species--some found nowhere else in the
- world--face new competition from another 900 species of
- nonnative plants, including banana poka and ornamental ginger.
- The banana poka was imported in the 1950s by a Japanese
- gardener, and has since spread its vines over 16,200 hectares
- (40,000 acres). Other exotics were introduced in the 1930s in
- an attempt to conserve water and stem soil erosion. Now
- biologists fear a time when the native plants will be completely
- gone from places like Haleakala National Park.
- </p>
- <p> Invading animals are also a difficult problem. Rats have
- been hitching rides to the islands on ships for centuries, then
- escaping into the forests where they feast on nesting birds and
- their eggs. Local authorities imported mongooses to hunt the
- rats in 1883. But no one considered that mongooses hunt in the
- early morning and early evening, when the rats are not out. So
- the mongooses switched to birds, compounding the problem.
- </p>
- <p> In Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the main culprits
- are wild boars, descendants of animals imported to North
- Carolina in 1912 for hunting. The boars weigh as much as 136
- kg (300 lbs.), and, says park official Joe Abrell, "tear up
- most everything in their paths." Man is responsible as well for
- oriental bittersweet, a vine imported to control erosion. It
- is strangling trees. Says park resource specialist Keith
- Langdon: "Once it gets a grasp on the land, it doesn't
- relinquish it."
- </p>
- <p> Another plant is overrunning parts of the Southwest,
- including the Grand Canyon. Introduced about 70 years ago to
- act as an erosion fighter and windbreak, the tamarisk tree has
- taken over about 81,000 hectares (200,000 acres), pushing out
- native trees and threatening eight species of birds that nest
- in them. The Grand Canyon's major animal offenders are burros;
- turned loose by prospectors generations ago, they have grown
- into vegetation-devouring herds.
- </p>
- <p> Large animals can be either killed or removed, but that
- sometimes causes problems of another sort: a burro-shooting
- program at the Grand Canyon had to be halted after a public
- outcry. In Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, though, a population
- of 15,000 or so feral goats was reduced to only 4,000, and in the
- Smokies the wild boar population has been pared. Smaller
- animals are much harder to fight, and plants harder still.
- Herbicides kill too indiscriminately, and bringing in new
- exotic species to control the old is demonstrably dangerous.
- Rangers often have to resort to chopping down or uprooting
- invading plants one by one, a holding action at best. In the
- end, park officials--and visitors--will have to accept that
- the nation's wild lands will never return to their original
- state. The best that can be done is to work hard to keep new
- exotic threats from following on the heels of the old.
- </p>
- <p>By Michael D. Lemonick. Reported by Scott Brown/Hilo and Michael
- Mason/Atlanta.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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